After three months our daughter has her spark for learning back, loves gymnastics again and her talent is once again blossoming. Here are some of the best gymnastics camps available to high school athletes: Gymnastics Camps USA. 5 years), competing at the national level, were enrolled in the study. 99 - $34. Intermediate. Best Gymnastics in Las Vegas, NV - No Limit, Desert Gymcats Gymnastics, Flip For Me Gymnastics, Gymcats Gymnastics, AGC Las Vegas, Gymnastics 702, Academy of Gymnastics & Dance , Vegas Gymnastics Academy, Go For It USA - North, Envision Dance and Gymnastics. EVENT DETAIL. Floor routine is one of the four main events in women’s competitive gymnastics, alongside the balance beam, vault exercises, and uneven bars. The physiological demands of gymnastic events places a heavy burden on anaerobic energy pathways (1). Push Up. History. Life. The best online gymnastics classes will teach you level-appropriate moves that are safe to perform at home. The impact of training on FS in flexors and extensors may therefore be different. Top position hold: 5 sets of 15 seconds, 30 sec. First, do 5-10 minutes of aerobic activity like jogging or jumping jacks to warm up your muscles. Find a private tutor near you. Gymnasts consider them to be the single best tool for building upper body strength – they can be used for a whole bunch of exercises, they challenge your grip strength and they add a huge stability challenge to hit the muscles you miss with a bench press. Cutter –> close the hip angle, straighten the legs. At Flip Fest, we believe in fueling young gymnasts’ passion for the sport and building their excitement and confidence in themselves. I. #7. Do the first 3 sets with higher weight and lower reps (8 reps. GymFit offers bodyweight strength training programs for all levels from beginner to advanced. TV Shows. FREE delivery Mon, May 29. 1. Gymco’s early childhood gymnastics program provides preschoolers and kindergartners with a foundation of gymnastics and pre-sport skills. Priority 1: Build back-uprise handstand strength, get a 2 second 1 arm handstand, even out leg strength. 3:58. In fact,. 1 offer from $134. DGS 9. The GymnasticsFlexibility Guide. U. VIDEO ON DEMAND. Save 15% with coupon (some sizes/colors) FREE delivery Fri, Nov 10. After school we have a fun time teaching the kids gymnastics at home and we see how they do for their first time ever!Subscribe to Our Channel! → Power Train, our professional college gymnastics trainers and coaches will create individualized programs for you. One Stop Shopping: American Gymnast carries an increasingly broad selection of high-quality gymnastics equipment, mats, grips and wrist supports. The muscles adapt to the demands of the sport and develop the ability to withstand the high volume and frequency of training. com5) Fiverr – Gymnastics Lessons Online. Most coaches find recruits through elite training gymnasiums with top youth development programs, where gymnasts compete and place well in international and national competitions before high school. 500+ bought in past month. Excalibur Gymnastics prides itself on being the best gymnastics school Virginia Beach with the largest and best equipped National Training Center. Our Staff. Amazing Gymnastics Saves Montage. It’s no secret that gymnastics builds strength! This can transfer over to improved strength for various other sports and activities. 4. Become more stable while firing in Zero-G. 00 $ 2,298. We also offer gym design, installation and equipment maintenance. Week 2 – 3 sets of 5 reps. Or fastest delivery Thu, Nov 9. S13: 11/27. Gymnastics - Balance, Flexibility, Strength: Many of the world’s greatest gymnasts have come from eastern Europe. 30th FIG Trampoline Gymnastics World Age Group Competitions. 49. Chin-ups. This could be the rings, the balance. $120. Women's gymnastics team officially qualified for the Paris Olympics on Tuesday. **HEY KIDS! Do you want to be STRONG and be awesome in sports and gymnastics?!?! 💪💪💪💪 The stronger and more flexible you are, the better you'll become at. com and Deary's Gymnastics Supply provides Gymnastics Equipment, Gymnastics Grips, Gymnastics Tumbling Mats, and the full AAI Gymnastics Equipment Line for gyms and home use. Week 5 – 5 sets of 5 reps. JumpSport is a company known for producing seriously good trampolines, both round and rectangular. The training provided at Iowa's Chow's Gymnastics and Dance Institute produced Olympic champion Shawn Johnson, and in Fairfield, Ohio, Cincinnati. Conditioning and horizontal bar gymnastics exercises are essential parts of the athlete’s gymnastic routine. We focus not only on gymnastic training but on the life-potential of every child that comes through our doors. #2 Rogue Gymnastic Wood Rings. Here you can explore courses and qualifications we've developed to help you perform your role to the highest standards. All athletes were in the competitive training phase and trained for. U114: Childhood Development: Preschool to Elementary School Age. If your organization meets all the above criteria and is interested in. Unlock the ability to combat slide. Week 3: 3 x 10sec. Materials and Methods. Try Headspace’s free Take10 program — 10 minutes of guided meditation a day for 10 days. While basic calisthenic exercises are the perfect excuse-free workout, training with just your body weight for resistance has its limits. The Hive SF. It can be difficult enough to pull and press your weight on a fixed bar, let alone on two. Let's begin. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators. 5 out of 5 stars 619Welcome to OLIVIA'S WORLD on The Cohen Show! Today, you can learn how to get your backbend, front limber, and back walkover with Olivia's simple, fast, and e. 2 Minute Rest. 08. Senior Gymnasts: The interior diameter of the hoop is from 80 – 90 centimeters. In fact, we’ve seen students develop advanced skills who began over 50. Legends High Performance Gymnastics Camps. An hour-a-week of gymnastics training will give your child more physical confidence, a can-do attitude toward fitness and healthy habits that will last a lifetime. As you progress, these programs will continue to challenge you. 99. com that offer everyone an opportunity to learn all about gymnastics. . Per the conditions of that RfC, the article can only be restored to article space when it. First, he conducts a "day zero" strength test on pullups (3 reps), handstand pushups (6), leg dips (4), and leg raises (2) which he will then repeat at the end of the challenge to gage his. Best Gyms in Bohemia, NY 11716 - Platinum Fitness, FitLife, Unique Fitness, Blue Collar Barbell, LA Fitness, Orangetheory Fitness Sayville, Eastern Athletic Clubs, Crunch Fitness - Hauppauge, Ladies Workout Express, Results Fitness. Beginners. 99. Gymnastics is one of the top 10 most popular sports in the US, and it’s gaining popularity every day. The on-going process of training will include the development of. Interior diameter starts at 51 cm to 90 cm. ★ GREAT GIFT: Suitable for kids aged 3-7 years old. Make it hard by putting your feet up on a bench and starting horizontal. com Girls: Katie Kush, Leah Lee, Kenzie Madison Sourcenents of gymnastics and used gymnastics training to prepare their military forces for the physical demands of combat. The framework of a gymnast training program is the schedule established for working out. The L-Sit is a fantastic exercise for gaining complete control over your body. I am 25 - 34. Keep in mind that in addition to these exercises, the gymnasts will also do a high volume of training for whatever event they happen to be working on during that session. Here are our top 10 skills you should start gymnastics with. The Nayoya Gymnastic Rings which are currently the #1 tool used by athletes and personal trainers worldwide are incredible workout and strength. Casting. INTRODUCTION. Seventeen elite adult gymnasts and 24 age-matched untrained controls were recruited. Take 20% less fall damage. $74. Complete 6 sets of squats. Important: In the starting position, the arms. 99. Gymnastics is a sport which includes athletic tasks requiring training in coordination, agility, strength and balance. Improve body' balance force and flexiblity 3. Kill 5 enemies in Zero-G environments. Short stature and delayed puberty in gymnasts: influence of selection bias on leg length and the duration of training on trunk length. ADD TO CART. More Buying Choices. Here are my 11 favorite Olympic ring Exercises, complete with starter and advanced variations of each movement. Liberty Gymnastics offers gymnastics programs, fun events, and private birthday parties in our combined, 20 000-ft². A Tuck Bring your knees to your chest and brace your abs. Slowly roll your shoulders forwards and backwards. Keep your core and glutes engaged throughout the whole movement, as well as your wrists and arms straight. Already WAGC champions, Zhang Yu (CHN), Bailey Forbes (GBR), Jaeda-Lei Jeffers (GBR) and duo Sophie Darous. 3X10 strict ring dips. Gymnastic rings are awesome. Talla T. Impact Gymnastics Academy - Impacting Children and Families for Life (602) 870-7574 info@ImpactGymAZ. Best Portable Gymnastic Rings: Rogue Fitness Gymnastic Wood Rings. 99. These are stretches you hold for 30-60 seconds. g. Dan illustrates the best way to increase strength using proper general conditioning and weight room activities. BFFS 20190820 - Katie Kush Kenzie Madison Lea Lee - Gymnasdick Training (x143) 600x900 by flameheart [143 pix] (17. Olympic Committee and the International Gymnastics Federation. It was also a place for socializing and engaging in intellectual pursuits. Use our grip guide to find the perfect gymnastics grips for you based on your gymnastics level. Gymnasts train every body part every day, which isn't optimal for hypertrophy, and is one of the reasons why their muscles don't grow in size as much as a bodybuilder training for size would. 🌟WONDERFUL CUSTOMER SERVICE🌟：PreGymnastic provides one-year warranty and life time maintenance. It will help you to get to intermediate and then advan. Stretch daily, plus before and after every gymnastics practice session. Most of the studies have focused on competitive female participants. The Parkettes organization provides the finest in gymnastics training to over 1200 local children that participate to have fun while developing physical fitness, coordination, strength and flexibility. Website: Providing a superb online shopping experience, Jay. Skills relevant to this position and Perfect for training kids ages 4-10 with level 1-6 ,teaching children the basics of gymnastics like mounts,leaps,jumps,hops and turns. The aim of this study was as follows: (1) to clarify how gymnastic training background over the years. The assessment of motor. Here are our top 10 skills you should start gymnastics with. We pride ourselves in maintaining a clean, bright, and safe environment for children to enjoy training on our state-of-the-art equipment. Their purpose is to warm up a gymnast for more complicated exercises. Thanks for the great training Gymnastics Tools. Our exceptional world-class trained professionals bring extensive education and training from Russia, China, Romania, Europe, and here in the United States. $65. Ring Fundamentals Workout. Quad stretch: Hold each stretch for 5 seconds. Do 3 on each side:This episode is brought to you by Headspace, the world’s most popular meditation app (more than 4,000,000 users). Gopher's wide assortment of gymnastics supplies is all you need to equip beginners to advanced athletes! Provide them with a soft and safe training surface choosing from our variety of gymnastics mats. 3 inverted hang lower slow to hang; 6 high box jump; Day 2. 5 Single Leg V-Ups with 10-sec Hollow Hold - Gray calls these a staple in gymnastics and everyday practice. Read about Gymnasdick Training Free Video Feat. com. Improve your Gymnastics . RAVS Gymnastics Bar for Kids, 8 Heights Adjustable Easy Folding Gymnastic Training Bar Kids Monkey Horizontal Bars - Max Load 300LBS. 30 cm. Our staff devote themselves to teaching boys and girls of all ages gymnastics, ninja, tumbling, birthday parties, and other activities, as well as lessons of life. 729. 20cm Competition Landing Mat, 8 x18 x20cm (3-8×6 mats with Velcro) $ 2,598. Young and Beautiful - A Rhythmic Gymnastics Montage. Surrounded by the beauty of Lake Frances in Crossville, Tennessee, our goal is to equip your child to become great in gymnastics and every other part of their lives. . One benefit of the rings is their inherent instability. Week 1 – 3 sets of 4 reps. Gymnasts train tirelessly to perfect their skill and technique. The experience of your teacher. Best Flexibility and Gymnastics Skills on Salsa Sauce. Week 2: 5 x 5sec. . Gymnastics coaches are responsible for teaching their students the fundamentals of gymnastics. Optional: 4-6 mile run. With an infinite number of angles you can position your body (to adjust difficulty), they are for absolutely everyone. & Advanced Athletes. Day 3. Independently swinging from a long strap, the rings will move at the slightest touch. Sariah shares some tips and tricks for training!Some hacks to fix some common mistakes made in gymnastics. gymnásion) in Ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public games. Adults Only! We are one of the ONLY schools that specialize in teaching Adults from scratch. BIRMINGHAM (GBR) November 16 - November 19, 2023. Susan S. Get into a plank position and place your hands closer than shoulder width as you hold your body up with straight arms. Ring push-ups are one way you can add. Gonex Wooden Gymnastic Rings with Adjustable Number Straps, Olympic Rings for Gym, Workout, Exercise, Outdoor Training, Quick Install Carabiner, 8. 💖DEINE UNTERSTÜTZUNG💕Hier kannst Du mich mit einem kleinen monatlichen Beitrag (z. . Planche. rest Ring chin-up or. Sale! Quick View. Move faster in Zero-G. Follow these. 99. FC FUNCHEER works with COACH KAI,Who has more than 15 years experience training girl's gymnasts' skills and helps them succeed in the sport of gymnastics. 99. Then stretch your entire body from head to toe for at least 10 to 15 minutes. 5 Years - Adults. In this video I will teach you how to do a pullover and a back hip circle. Fitness Gear 3x6 Folding Exercise Mat II. We’ll expand on the details for the men’s and women’s tournaments below. 10 each way. The gymnasium (Greek: γυμνάσιον, translit. You will also find training mats and cushioned landing mats that. Another reason flexibility is important is that it is believed to reduce injuries. World Uneven Bars Champions Gymnastics Montage: 1954-2009. Olivia Dunne posed in the mirror thirst trap selfie and captioned it; “Geaux purple team. Menu. UFC GYM TRAIN DIFFERENT FREE PASS. Trybe offers gymnastics courses from 1. 4 We hope this helps clear up any questions you might have about what your child should wear to gymnastics class. During college, Kayden plans to continue training in the sport of gymnastics and coach at Faulkner’s Elite. The YMCA offers classes for children from crawling age through to 13 years, youth classes from 14 years up, and adult classes. It’s like a warm bath for your mind. Indiana Elite Gymnastics & Cheer is a sports center training gymnasts and cheerleaders. These two disciplines share some common points but, at the same time, they display some relevant differences in terms of physical and technical characteristics. The Greek word gymnos, meaning "naked," is the root word for gymnastics, as it was in this physical state that the original gymnasts performed their routines. Both men and women benefit from training with our programs. Therefore, the second aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of FS and JPS in. . top of page. The best gymnastics camps will offer a safe and competitive environment, high-performance training and skilled coaches. 23 (6 used & new offers) +5 colors/patterns. BFFS 20190820 . com Girls: Katie Kush, Leah Lee, Kenzie Madison Source Alongside strength and conditioning, other key areas are technical development, flexibility, recovery, and more. The difficulty level can be adjusted here (the more upright the body, the easier the execution). 10 twists on each side. Keep your legs stationary, and twist your torso, left and right. But technique can only be. In this episode, we cover A TON, including: The 3-5 exercises everyone should be doing (you’ve never heard of some of them) His opinions of kipping exercises, such as the kipping pull-ups common in CrossFit. ”. The main objective within the. The Benefits of Training with Gymnastic Rings. Our club finder let's you see all the gymnastics clubs in your area and the different types of gymnastics on offer #DiscoverGymnasticsCURRENT EVENT. Gymnasts are able to choose their desired level of resistance and run with free movement up to 45 feet; a much longer distance than needed in a gymnastic routine. 2018 - Biles returns to competition in Doha In January 2018, Biles came forward to say that she, too, was a victim of USA Gymnastics team doctor Larry Nassar, who was, months later, convicted of assulting hundreds of athletes under his care. Best Steel & Plastic Gymnastic Rings. ”Strengthening and training the core directly is a major part of a gymnast’s. Training in the horizontal plane is precisely what Raptor Fit was designed to do. Your. Purpose Rhythmic (RG) and artistic gymnastics (AG) are very popular female sports. Cutting edge soft tissue, strength, and active flexibility techniques for splits, handstands, and shapes. #1 Rep Fitness Wood Gymnastic Rings. The sport has its origins in ancient Greece, where young men underwent intense physical and mental training for warfare. It is important that the. With this information, I have the beginnings of a program in the form of daily exercise allotments. In the 1860s, Windship marketed this. Danielle Gray, founder of Train Like A Gymnast, created a 30-minute gymnastics-inspired sweat sesh with some of the strength and conditioning drills gymnasts use to stay powerful. We exist to make a positive difference in the lives of our students. We have several mats and various configurations tailored for each discipline. With a 220-pound weight limit and 12 adjustable heights, you can be sure this gymnastics bar will live with you for a while. This typically means the fighters could generate a greater force in the kicks and punches, and do more advanced moves on the feet. Gymnastic training improves bone health in girls, study finds. . As you progress, these programs will continue to challenge you. Retrieved November 22, 2023 from / releases / 2010 / 05 / 100505091634. Gymnastics guide for parents and gymnasts- information about gymnastics levels, how to improve your gymnastics skills and the best gymnastics equipment and gifts. [2] The qualification pathway for the 2024 Summer Olympics is significantly simplified and modified from those in 2020. Dumbbell Step-ups. 100 push ups (hollow) Day 4. Tighten your butt and legs as you do it, and it turns into a full body move. Check out our top picks for gymnastics equipment for home training! Grip Guide. 1 offer from $134. Gymnasdick Training - BFFs. At Nashville Gymnastics Training Center we recognize that each child is an individual. 23 (6 used & new offers) +5 colors/patterns. About Gymnastics Ages 3–6. We are dedicated to providing quality gymnastics instruction while. American Gymnastics Club. More Buying Choices. Teen Female Gymnast stock photos are available in a variety of sizes and formats to fit. 3 The big question; 1. 8ft, 4. Goodway, PEP Workshop, 4 Handstand - one of the most critical skills in gymnastics) 1) Mule kicks 2) Donkey kicks 3) Step lunge and place hands on the floor 4) Hands on floor and little kickExercise 1 - Ring Rows (Beginner) Rings Rows are similar to classic rowing. RAVS Gymnastics Bar for Kids, 8 Heights Adjustable Easy Folding Gymnastic Training Bar Kids Monkey Horizontal Bars - Max Load 300LBS. 97% of teachers offer their first lesson for free. the c ase, then an athlete c an gain nearly. This first entry is the best backyard gymnastic trampoline out there, in my opinion. Gym dick is a result of enduring marathon days inside of a gymnasium for a wrestling tournament or similar event. For instance, gymnastics can help a soldier master skills. The 6 Best Gymnastics Rings in 2023 - Our Top Picks. U202: Understanding Maturation. Take 30% less fall damage. Before you practice gymnastics or perform a routine, spend at least 5 minutes warming up with some light exercise and stretching. Quad stretch: Hold each stretch for 5 seconds. Read the review. The Nayoya Gymnastics Rings for Full Body Strength and Bodyweight Training are made of PC plastic rings, which is the highest quality on the market and supports up to 2,000 lbs. Previous research has found that sport and strength training can affect JPS [13, 24, 25], while research regarding FS is limited. Spend a total of 4 Skill Points in the Physical tree. S. TRYBE: Gymnastics For Kids, Teens, Babies, And Adults In Kennedy Town, Hong Kong *Ages 1. One hundred gymnasts, both cadets (aged 11. Take a ruler and measure the gymnast between the hips and waist (hip bone) and measure down to the bottom of the floor. Width and quality are top-notch, however. The Benefits of Gymnastic Ring Training . 9, gymsupply. 99 * GK Elite Blue Tie Dye Tank Leotard. Conthanlancon002. This is why anytime I travel, I throw a set of rings and some chalk in my suitcase and I know I. Previous studies have identified structural and functional network differences between world class gymnasts (WCGs) and non-athletes at the whole-brain level. Destira Fairy Dust Unitard. Brazil, led by 2022 World all-around champion Rebeca Andrade, claimed its first-ever medal in the event, taking silver with a team total. We believe that gymnastics training is the best way to achieve children’s physical and. 3 ± 0. Like my Batman program, this Spartan Training routine is not a routine for beginners – build-up to it. In these studies, a large range of participants has been analyzed,. Tumbling Tutorial! Gymnastics at Home, Tricks, Great for Kids, How to, Routine Exercises♥ Our FREE Yoga App for Apple: Our FREE Yog. $39. Increases Bone Density. U200: Development Coaches Course: Sports Science. DirtBike School is a fun, one-day, hands-on training session available to anyone six years old or above. gymnastics training center 1470 e 3300 s salt lake city ut, 84106 (801) 433-0801 utahgtc@gmail. The feedback and the exercises you get as a gymnast are really useful. Rings One (R1) is a 12-week intermediate program for building basic gymnastic ring skills. Move faster in Zero-G. Week 3 – 4 sets of 4 reps. Walk your hands closer to the wall as you walk your feet up the wall, until your stomach is touching the wall and you are in a handstand position. Tumbl Trak is a brand widely known and appreciated in the gymnastics community for providing innovative, long lasting equipment for the gym, home, or school program. Split leap: literally a combination of splits and a forward leap. Plyo Kettlebell Push-ups. Come Train, Workout, and Have Fun! (18+ only!) Something to look forward to every Monday, Wednesday, & Friday evening! This class occurs on Monday/Wednesday/Friday evenings. Stroke. Floor drills are a basic skill in gymnastics classes. Our Workout Programs: ️ ⬅️ ️Instagram ️Facebook gymnast Olivia Dunne stormed the training grounds and ended up showing off her ‘goodies’ in a tight gymnastic outfit with a wild pose. It gets this designation from the U. Whether you have gold medal aspirations or just looking to boost your sport performance, gymnastics training will build your strength, stamina, balance, and flexibility making gymnastics a great gateway to other sports. , in 2023. Your Age What is your age? Our programs can be started at any age. It utilizes a stabilizing triangular-shaped base, which ensures overall stability for the whole bar. Artistic gymnastics (AG) is a type of power speed activity that requires high levels of both anaerobic and flexibility capacities for successful performance []. Best gift for holidays, birthdays or festivals (Children's Day, Christmas, Halloween, Thanksgiving Day & New Years). Artistic. $35. Gymnastics training exercises must provide an efficient strength and conditioning program. 166. Kayden plans to attend Elon University in Burlington, North Carolina in the fall and major in history. 50 * Destira Glamethyst Leotard. The YMCA Woodmont Gymnastics Center offers a gradual and comprehensive gymnastics program under the guidance of trained professional staff. Week 6 Day 1. We are fully dedicated to providing 100% satisfaction to each of our valued customers. Unlock the ability to combat slide. The Great American Gymnastics Express in Blue Springs, Missouri, is one the top gyms in the American heartland and was the home of Olympians Terin Humphrey and Courtney McCool. htmHelp us improve. Best Wood Gymnastic Rings. Gymnastics Bars Skills List – List of gymnastics skills gymnasts learn on bars. 1. Try to make each point as specific as possible. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient. Furthermore, balance and agility are closely connected. Gymnastics is a sport with a long history as a training and fitness aid, first as preparation for military service and later as a physical education activity. Once you join, you’ll have. . "BFFs" Gymnasdick Training (TV Episode 2019) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. 3. ; d) be consistent and systematic with your strength and conditioning plan (including The barbell squat is an essential to any athlete, especially high-performance athletes such as gymnasts. These are some of the main benefits of training with rings: More demanding bodyweight training. Movies. Training to Win (males aged 18 and over and females aged 16 and over). More for YouGLANT Gymnastic Kip Bar,Horizontal Bar for Kids Girls Junior,3' to 5' Adjustable Height,Home Gym Equipment,Ideal for Indoor and Home Training,1-4 Levels,300lbs Weight Capacity 4. rest Reverse row sit-back: 5 sets of 10-15 reps, 1 min. 99. Do this routine 3 times a week and you’ll be reaping the unique benefits of. Warm up before you practice to prevent injuries. 49. 00 $ 648. There are so many gigs on Fiverr. ; d) be consistent and systematic with your strength and conditioning plan (includingThe barbell squat is an essential to any athlete, especially high-performance athletes such as gymnasts. ), and dynamic increases it by 3. By most measures, male gymnasts are the most functionally fit athletes on earth. U201: USA Gymnastics Concussion Education. Destira Girls' Hollywood Leotard. A good gymnastics strength training program relies mainly on one’s own body, and gravity, to gain functional strength. #4 Onnit Suspension Rings. 20. U201: USA Gymnastics Concussion Education. Written by MasterClass. The materials contained in this reference are to be used to provide a base level of knowledge about gymnastics skills, equipment, and safety training. A 2017 study also found that balance training significantly improved the memory of adults as well as their understanding and perception of their surroundings. nents of gymnastics and used gymnastics training to prepare their military forces for the physical demands of combat. It’s the most efficient way to strengthen your entire upper body and core. Do a. Shipping Available. Their basic anthropometrical characteristics are shown in Table 1.